Rick Lavoie: Motivation Breakthrough $26.01 Studio: Pbs Release Date: 05/06/2009 Run time: 90 minutes…

How Difficult Can This Be?: The F.A.T. City Workshop & Beyond F.A.T. City: A Look Back, A Look Ahead (with Guides) $134.93 How Difficult Can This Be?: The F.A.T. City Workshop DVD This unique program lets viewers experience the frustration, anxiety, and tension faced by children with learning disabilities. Workshop facilitator Richard Lavoie presents a series of striking simulations emulating daily experience of LD children. Teachers, social workers, and parents, workshop participants, reflect upon how the workshop ch…

Last One Picked… First One Picked On: Learning Disabilities and Social Skills $72.94 Please note – DVD-R format. Playing with friends is a daily ritual for most children. But kids with learning disabilities are often isolated and rejected. Rick Lavoie addresses the social problems these children face – and offers some practical solutions for parents. Every child has experienced embarrassment or rejection in social situations. But kids with learning disabilities are often isolated …

The Spark: The 28-Day Breakthrough Plan for Losing Weight, Getting Fit, and Transforming Your Life $3.49 A revolution is taking place! Millions of people are discovering a new way of thinking about their weight, their health, and their lives. They are taking part in a visionary approach to weight loss that combines goal setting, nutrition, exercise, motivation, and community that has a proven track record of ten million pounds lost. From the experts who created SparkPeople.com, one of the most succes…

The Motivation Breakthrough: 6 Secrets to Turning On the Tuned-Out Child $4.98 Any child can be motivated to learn. “If he only would apply himself…” “She can do it if she puts her mind to it.” “He just doesn’t seem to care.” “She’s just not trying.” Motivation is the key to learning. But very few parents and teachers have an effective arsenal of techniques at their disposal. Enter educator and acclaimed author Rick Lavoie, who arms all those who deal with childr…

21st Century Leadership – Management Leadership Training Video Preview from Seminars on DVD

* LifePath Complaints *Can U Make Money With LifePath Unlimited?

If you’re looking for a legitimate way to make money online and investigating Life Path Unlimited this is a no-nonsense look at Life Path Unlimited. If you’ve been doing your research you already know there’s a lot of noise online, a lot of hype and misinformation going both ways. Half the reviews you read are screaming “LifePath Scam!”, while the other half make it sound like God’s gift to humanity My goal is to cut through all that nonsense and just give you the straight facts about LifePath Unlimited, so that you can make an educated business decision for yourself. So what I’m going to do for you now is simply give you a breakdown of exactly what you can expect with LifePath, and let you make up your own mind. The first thing you need to understand is that before you can earn commissions from selling LifePath, you first have to buy the products yourself, and there’s 3 products: Discovery, Breakthrough, and Destiny. Discovery is a home study course they ship to your house. It comes with audio CDs, a journal and a workbook. And there’s also a 45 minute DVD which is like an introductory promotional movie. The price tag on that is $1,695. Breakthrough is a 3 day conference that will cost you $8,995. For that you get to attend seminars, listen to motivational speakers, and take part in various mind/body exercises leading up to the main event, which is a fire-walk. Destiny is a 5 day conference with live events and self development training, and it ends in a big costume party. For all that, they want you to pay $14,995. Now, you’re not required to buy all 3 products up-front but if you want to earn the commission you have to spend the money. So, realistically speaking, you’re looking at an initial investment of $26,000 to get started with LifePath Unlimited as a home based business. And that’s not including a marketing budget or training platform. $26,000 is a pretty big chunk of change, and my question for LifePath is what do you actually get for spending all that money? Their basic pitch is that by joining the program, you’re getting access to great Personal Development strategies and teachers that will help you achieve a real breakthrough in your life. I’m all for personal development and community-building amongst like-minded people. And many of the speakers involved in the LifePath Conferences seem very energetic and fun to be around, but I couldn’t help but notice that none of the big names in personal development are involved, not the ones that major Fortune 100 companies trust, like Jack Canfield or Marc Victor Hanson. And here’s the thing. I can go to a LIVE 4-Day Tony Robbins event (including coursework, CDs, and the whole fire-walk experience) for only $600. I mean, compare 4 days LIVE with the number one reigning personal development guru, Tony Robbins, for $600, versus a 5 day conference with lesser-known speakers for $15,000. The bottom line here is that if you’re looking for elite personal development, you can get far superior training, products and services, for a lot less money. So when it comes to LifePath at $26K – you have to ask: why the big mark-up? And the answer is simple. That’s how LifePath pays out their commissions. If you were to pay $26K to buy all three products, 60% of your money would go directly to your sponsor in the form of commissions. So let’s be honest here. LifePath is essentially a business opportunity to sell a business opportunity. And I’m not saying that’s wrong. Certainly some people do okay in that business model. For me personally, it’s important to believe in my product 100%. It makes me a better salesperson, and I make more money because of it. And when my 5 year old son looks me in the eye and asks me what I do for a living, I feel good about representing a company and a product that provides real value to my customers and a very lucrative money making opportunity for me and my team. At first glance, everything about the LifePath Unlimited business seemed to be a good fit. But after I dug a little deeper, I uncovered two glaring flaws: Number One: The Company doesn’t have a strong online presence. They’re not familiar with advanced marketing techniques, and they don’t have comprehensive training for new team members to learn how to become successful marketers. Number Two: The product is very expensive, and artificially expensive. Which means there’s no real stand-alone value, and you’re dealing with a very small potential customer base because there’s just not that many people out there who are willing to spend that kind of money, especially in this economy. So is LifePath Unlimited a Scam? Absolutely not. It’s a legitimate business where some people make money. But there are sleeker more lucrative opportunities available where you can promote a product with more real value and not have to spend a small fortune just to get started.

About the Author

Psychology $59.70 This new edition continues the story of psychology with added research and enhanced content from the most dynamic areas of the fieldâ?”cognition, gender and diversity studies, neuroscience and more, while at the same time using the most effective teaching approaches and learning tools….

PSY 2405 Introduction to Behavior Modification

The Components of a Hypnotherapy Course

The field of hypnosis has dramatically improved health confidence, sports, relationships, creativity, concentration and even pain control. This contemporary method of achieving well being has attracted the attention of many medical professionals. In fact, the number of enrollees in hypnotherapy courses has grown continuously over the past years.

Hypnotherapy as a Career

Being a hypnotherapist is now an official occupational title. And since this is a recognized medical profession, it is mandatory that those who practice hypnotherapy should finish a hypnotherapy course. Students can choose from attending classes or learning everything on their own.

Professionals whose careers are based on giving therapies would greatly benefit from finishing a hypnotherapy course. Hypnosis can be easily integrated to most medical jobs as much as it can also improve an individual’s business skills, establish a retirement career or applied on personal therapies.

Where to Look for the Best Training

There are many institutions that have developed their own techniques of hypnotherapy over the years. As their teaching outline improves each year, more and more procedures are being integrated into their hypnotherapy course.

Majority of these schools are licensed to teach and propagate hypnosis. They have a stable of professional hypnotists who act as trainers. Also, most of these schools provide certification that comes from recognized national organizations on hypnosis.

The Different Approaches to Teaching Hypnosis

Aside from theoretical approaches, some classes have integrated practical experiences during the training. This is accomplished as hypnosis techniques are being demonstrated and the students practice each skill that is being taught to them—this is called skill-based training.

On a hypnotherapy course that teaches cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy, there is a methodology for each school which integrates hypnosis with rational behavioral approach. This approach aims to treat various psychosomatic and emotional conditions. As for the medical hypnotherapy topic on a hypnosis course, this contemporary science on healing is believed to be applicable to somatic and psychosomatic circumstances.

Removing fears and bad habits are now realizable with the aid of hypnotherapy. So are pain management, recovery from illnesses, and outcome motivation. You need to undergo a hypnotherapy course to be able to share this with others. Live a meaningful life by practicing and sharing what you have learned.

About the Author

Hypnotic Solutions Training Limited provide hypnotherapy training in London, UK. Upon successful completion of the hypnotherapy course, participants will become a member of the National Guild of Hypnotists (NGH), the world’s premier hypnosis organisation.

You Are More Than Enough Achievement Journal $22.23 For more than twenty-five years, Judi Moreo has studied the lives and habits of highly motivated and successful people. She has unraveled the mystery behind the illusion that only a chosen few are allowed success, and has become a respected authority on high-level performance, personal development and self-esteem. Judi has now translated her wealth of knowledge and practical experience into a mean…

Handbook of Competence and Motivation $72.44 This important handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative review of achievement motivation and establishes the concept of competence as an organizing framework for the field. The editors synthesize diverse perspectives on why and how individuals are motivated in school, work, sports, and other settings. Written by leading investigators, chapters reexamine central constructs in achievement mo…

Using achievement goal theory to assess an elementary physical education running program.(Research Papers): An article from: Journal of School Health $5.95 This digital document is an article from Journal of School Health, published by American School Health Association on August 1, 2004. The length of the article is 2170 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.From…

Lidia Bastianich takes Wall Street Journal’s Maria Bartiromo on a tour of Eataly

Why Creating a Resolution Fuels Motivation

By means of something different, everybody is motivated. For any kind of goal, that is the similar. Since their high school reunion is around the corner, someone may want to lose weight, while another may want to discard those extra pounds to get into the mood. Some reasonable goals, incentives, or even the character of the person is typically, what motivates a person to do what he or she does. In order to get good grades, one person may be motivated, or strive, because they need a high GPA, while another person may be motivated to earn high marks since they will get money from a parent.

Whether you are looking to lose a few pounds, exercise more to get in better shape or to get your house structured, creating a sense of purpose is the key to motivation. Motivation is difficult without having a sense of purpose. Without a reason, your goals are not clear and your outcome that you are working towards will be harder to reach. Many different things may motivate a person, but the reason why they are motivated is typically because they have some kind of purpose.

Oftentimes, when a person creates a firm sense of purpose, or a clear reason, then the end result is easier to reach. Clear goals and understanding why you want to motivate yourself can often be the simplest way to get motivated to do nearly anything. When you get ready to work on achieving a goal and understand your purpose for doing so, it will make easier you achieve you goal. Think about what motivates you and then you can easily find ways to help yourself along the way.

Make a list of small things that you could use for motivation. These could be rewards or incentives that could range from a new book to a new dress.
On creating a sense of purpose that can help you motivate yourself, there are a few key tips. When you do not feel motivated to do something, you can create a sense of purpose by thinking of want you want to achieve.

It could be something very small, such as washing your car, or something much bigger, such as purchasing a new house. Whatever your idea is, you require having a clear purpose in mind. Perhaps your purpose for achieving this goal is to better yourself, many it will improve the lives of others or perhaps it is a way to be more efficient or make more money. Your purpose is a significant way to motivate yourself.

In addition, without a clear purpose, your motivation will drop when your work becomes difficult. You lose sight of why you are doing whatever it is that you are striving to accomplish. You can easily give up and you no longer have in sight what your end result can or will be.

Understanding your goals, your reason for what you are working for all creates a clear sense of purpose. This makes motivating yourself so much easier and helps you reach your mission much faster and easier than without a clear purpose.
Another great motivational tool is by rewarding yourself for reaching your small goals along the way. After you have thought about your reason for wanting to do something, consider what you would get pleasure from a reward. Often, small rewards can motivate and help make your end goal easier to achieve.

Having a clear purpose for an outcome gives you the clearness you need to become motivated. Motivation is near impossible to achieve without this clarity. Understanding purpose which means, who, what, where and why of your motivation gives you the key self-assurance needed to meet your goals.
Writing a list or journal of goals will help you reach your end result is another way to keep your purpose in mind and to keep yourself motivated.

If you want to exercise more, possibly keeping a journal of what kind of exercise you do and how long will help you maintain a clear picture in your mind. By looking at your exercise log, your motivation and purpose could be spurred each day. You will start by making small changes each day, if you are trying to attain a large goal, such as losing twenty pounds. These small changes are your goals that will cause you to your successful weight loss.

I hope you have gotten some good ideas from this article and that you are able to use them. I want to thank you reading. Go ahead and look around to find additional helpful tips and information at http://www.selfhelpzone.com/

About the Author

Nishanth Reddy is an author and publisher of popular Self Help Blog. For more information on motivation, goal setting and success and visit: Motivation and Goal Setting

Social Cognition $135.34 This is a revision of a market leader in social cognition written by two well-known and respected authors. The text is designed to provide a critical overview of the theories and methods in the newly emerging field of social cognition. The major theme of the book is that normal cognitive processes account for much of how people understand themselves and others. In basic research, social cognition …

How to Move Minds & Influence People: A Remarkable Way of Engaging & Persuading Others $8.81 If you are running a project, leading a team or trying to win a contract, think about the people you need to influence. What if you could get behind their scepticism or defences? What if they could see the world from your vantage, and enjoy the view? What if they could see just what was possible? This book has a simple aim: to help you influence people by firing their imaginations. Don’t argue wi…

Power-influence in decision making, competence utilization, and organizational culture in public organizations: the Arab world in comparative perspective.: … of Public Administration Research and Theory $9.95 This digital document is an article from Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, published by University of Kansas on April 1, 2009. The length of the article is 10804 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citation DetailsTitle: P…

Emotional intelligence, leadership styles, skills, management qualities, teams, motivational speaker

All New Theories And Concepts About Translation In New Century

Translation is ultimately a human activity which enables human beings to exchange ideas and thoughts regardless of the different tongues used. Al Wassety (2001) views the phenomenon of translation as a legitimate offspring of the phenomenon of language, since originally, when humans spread over the earth, their languages differed and they needed a means through which people speaking a certain language (tongue) would interact with others who spoke a different language.

Translation is, in Enani’s (1997) view, a modern science at the interface of philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and sociology. Literary translation in particular is relevant to all these sciences, audio-visual arts, as well as cultural and intellectual studTranslation is, in Chabban’s words (1984:5), “a finicky job,” as it has not yet been reduced to strict scientific rules, and it allows for the differences that are known to exist between different personalities. Translation is a heavily subjective art, especially when it deals with matters outside the realm of science where precisely defined concepts are more often expressed by certain generally accepted terms.

In the final analysis, translation is a science, an art, and a skill. It is a science in the sense that it necessitates complete knowledge of the structure and make-up of the two languages concerned. It is an art since it requires artistic talent to reconstruct the original text in the form of a product that is presentable to the reader who is not supposed to be familiar with the original. It is also a skill because it entails the ability to smooth over any difficulty in the translation, and the ability to provide the translation of something that has no equal in the target language.

In translation, the richness of vocabulary, depth of culture, and vision of the translator could certainly have very conspicuous effects on his/her work. Another translator might produce a reasonably acceptable version of the same text, which, however, may very well reflect a completely different background, culture, sensitivity, and temperament. Such differences cannot, in Chabban’s view (1984), detract from the merit of either translator. This is simply because translation is decidedly a more difficult job than creation.

The question of the possibility of translation is widely regarded as crucial to any understanding of what language is. If translation is not possible, then what is it that language does? Translation is possible in the sense that we humans have been doing it (or claiming to have done it) for many thousands of years, but we have been doing so without any assurance that the message sent was indeed the message that was received. If I ask you to open the window and you then do just that, it may not be too presumptuous to think that the message has successfully been translated, but in the case of a great many possible linguistic instances — probably the vast majority — that sort of unambiguous confirmation is not possible.

 Even in the present case, your “compliance” with my request may be the result of sheer coincidence, of my misunderstanding of what you’ve done, or of some entirely extraneous factor.

Translation between languages is not the whole of translation, but it is an especially illuminating limit case of a much broader phenomenon. The need to translate the spoken word (either within or between languages) presents serious practical difficulties for a great many people on a day-to-day basis. However, it is written texts that most profoundly present the theoretical problem of translation; a “literal” translation would be inconceivable in an entirely oral culture. Indeed, the notion of “fidelity” to an “original” must be quite different in an oral culture than it is in a print-dominated culture.

In addition, written texts raise the question of the “translation” between speech and writing. The creation of alphabets and the writing down of oral traditions authorize or at least permit the separation of the linguistic medium from its significant content — after all, a “translation” has already occurred, in the writing down of the spoken word. Either content or medium may change, independently of the other. This is why Socrates attacked writing, in the Phaedrus: writing is both powerful and dangerous — it is magical — and the possibility that translation will transform the words beyond recognition threatens the search for truth. 

Only two centuries after Socrates distinguished between the living, seminal word that arises from the dialectic of minds, and the poisonous written word that kills the memory, Jewish scribes translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. This was at a time when what Walter Ong calls chirographic culture was growing rapidly in importance, a time in which alphabetic writing was becoming more and more influential upon the

Mediterranean world, although oral culture still dominated. It was to this cultural transformation, and the attendant threat of the loss of meaning, that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam– religions on which the written word has had tremendous influence — responded in their different views of the translatability of scripture.

The question of translation has profound theological dimensions. The question of scripture” — its nature, meaning, and authority — is inseparable from that of translation.

Even in our modern world, readers tend to regard the original work — whether “holy scripture” or secular literature — as superior to as as and more authoritative than any of its translated versions. In Islam this tendency reaches an extreme. Muslims believe that Allah dictated his revelation through Mohammed in Arabic, and the only true or proper Quran is the Quran in Arabic. Arabic is the one divine language. The material body of the text and its meaning are held to be inseparable, and the problem of translation is eliminated, because the possibility of valid translation is denied. Or rather, the problem is disguised and absorbed into the larger hermeneutical problem– the more general question of the text’s meaning.

In contrast, the Jewish and Christian traditions permit from a very early date — with the Septuagint (ca. 200 BCE) and the New Testament (first century CE) – the translation both of the language and of the concepts of the Hebrew Scriptures. Hebrew is thought of as the holy language in at least some Jewish communities, and Jews remain ambivalent toward the status of the Torah in translation. In one legend concerning the writing of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, God favors this act of translation through the miraculous unanimity of the seventy translators’ work.

However, in another account, God’s disapproval of the translating is manifested through unnatural darkness over the earth.

In the oldest stratum of the Hebrew Scriptures, the story of the Tower of Babel

(Gen.11:1-9) implicitly denies that any human language is the language of God and explicitly asserts that “the language of all the earth” has been “confused” by God. The multiplicity of languages is a punishment (or gift?) from God: translation is both necessary and impossible. It is the goal of the Kabbalah, the mystical rabbinic reading of the scriptures, to find reflected in our post-Babelian human languages, and especially the languages of the Torah, echoes of the true language of God.

Because the Hebrew alphabet (in pre-Masoretic form) has no vowels, the writings cannot be spoken without an interpretative addition on the part of the reader. The gulf between the written and the oral is far greater than for an English or Greek text. By itself the Hebrew text is nonsense and dependent upon vocalization for signification, and yet as canon it is always prior to speech, to any authoritative interpretation. Here the distinction between the material, written text and its meaning is quite evident. Meaningful language arises out of meaningless difference. 

Criteria for a good translation

A good translation is one that carries all the ideas of the original as well as its structural and cultural features. Massoud (1988) sets criteria for a good translation as follows:

1. A good translation is easily understood.
2. A good translation is fluent and smooth.
3. A good translation is idiomatic.
4. A good translation conveys, to some extent, the literary subtleties of the original.
5. A good translation distinguishes between the metaphorical and the literal.
6. A good translation reconstructs the cultural/historical context of the original.
7. A good translation makes explicit what is implicit in abbreviations, and in allusions to sayings, songs, and nursery rhymes.
8. A good translation will convey, as much as possible, the meaning of the original text (pp. 19-24).

El Shafey (1985: 93) suggests other criteria for a good translation; these include three main principles:

1. The knowledge of the grammar of the source language plus the knowledge of vocabulary, as well as good understanding of the text to be translated.
2. The ability of the translator to reconstitute the given text (source-language text) into the target language.
3. The translation should capture the style or atmosphere of the original text; it should have all the ease of an original composition.

From a different perspective, El Touny (2001) focused on differentiating between different types of translation. He indicated that there are eight types of translation: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptive translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. He advocated the last type as the one which transmits the meaning from the context, respecting the form and structure of the original and which is easily comprehensible by the readers of the target language.

El Zeini (1994) didn’t seem satisfied with such criteria for assessing the quality of translation. Hence she suggested a pragmatic and stylistic model for evaluating quality in translation. She explains that the model “places equal emphasis on the pragmatic component as well on the stylistic component in translation. This model covers a set of criteria, which are divided into two main categories: content-related criteria and form-related criteria” and expected that by following these criteria, “translators will be able to minimize the chance of producing errors or losses, as well as eliminate problems of unacceptability” .  

Translation problems

Translation problems can be divided into linguistic problems and cultural problems: the linguistic problems include grammatical differences, lexical ambiguity and meaning ambiguity; the cultural problems refer to different situational features. This classification coincides with that of El Zeini when she identified six main problems in translating from Arabic to English and vice versa; these are lexicon, morphology, syntax, textual differences, rhetorical differences, and pragmatic factors.

Another level of difficulty in translation work is what As-sayyd (1995) found when she conducted a study to compare and assess some problems in translating the fair names of Allah in the Qu’ran. She pointed out that some of the major problems of translation are over-translation, under-translation, and untranslatability.

Culture constitutes another major problem that faces translators. A bad model of translated pieces of literature may give misconceptions about the original. That is why Fionty (2001) thought that poorly translated texts distort the original in its tone and cultural references, while Zidan (1994) wondered about the possible role of the target culture content as a motivating variable in enhancing or hindering the attainment of linguistic, communicative and, more importantly, cultural objectives of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) education. Hassan (1997) emphasized this notion when he pointed out the importance of paying attention to the translation of irony in the source language context. He clarified that this will not only transfer the features of the language translated but also its cultural characteristics.

The translator’s work

These problems, and others, direct our attention to the work and the character of translators, how they attack a text so as to translate, and the processes they follow to arrive at the final product of a well-translated text in the target language.

Enani (1994:5) defines the translator as “a writer who formulates ideas in words addressed to readers. The only difference between him and the original writer is that these ideas are the latter’s”. Another difference is that the work of the translator is even more difficult than that of the artist. The artist is supposed to produce directly his/her ideas and emotions in his/her own language however intricate and complicated his/her thoughts are. The translator’s responsibility is much greater, for s/he has to relive the experiences of a different person. Chabban (1984) believes that, however accurately the translator may delve into the inner depths of the writer’s mind, some formidable linguistic and other difficulties may still prevent the two texts from being fully equivalent. Therefore we do not only perceive the differences between a certain text and its translation, but also between different translations of the same text

On the procedural level, El Shafey (1985:95) states: “A translator first analyzes the message, breaking it down into its simplest and structurally clearest elements, transfers it at this level into the target language in the form which is most appropriate for the intended audience. A translator instinctively concludes that it is best to transfer the “kernel level” in one language to the corresponding “kernel level” in the “receptor language.”

Translation skills for novice translators

The present study suggests four main macro-skills for any translator who begins his/her work in the field of translation. These are: reading comprehension, researching, analytical, and composing skills. These macro-skills include many sub- or micro-skills that need to be mastered.

Reading comprehension

While we are translating, we do not think of our activity as being broken down into phases. After doing our first translations, many automatic mechanisms come into plays that allow us to translate more quickly; at the same time, we are less and less conscious of our activity.

1. The first phase of the translation process consists of reading the text. The reading act, first, falls under the competence of psychology, because it concerns our perceptive system. Reading, like translation, is, for the most part, an unconscious process. If it were conscious, we would be forced to consume much more time in the act. Most mental processes involved in the reading act are automatic and unconscious. Owing to such a nature-common and little-known in the same time-in our opinion it is important to analyze the reading process as precisely as possible. The works of some perception psychologists will be helpful to widen our knowledge of this first phase of the translation process.

When a person reads, his brain deals with many tasks in such rapid sequences that everything seems to be happening simultaneously. The eye examines (from left to right as far as many Western languages are concerned, or from right to left or from top to bottom in some other languages) a series of graphic signs (graphemes) in succession, which give life to syllables, words, sentences, paragraphs, sections, chapters, and texts.

Simply reading a text is, in itself, an act of translation. When we read, we do not store the words we have read in our minds as happens with data entered using a keyboard or scanner into a computer. After reading, we do not have the photographic or auditory recording in our minds of the text read. We have a set of impressions instead. We remember a few words or sentences precisely, while all the remaining text is translated from the verbal language into a language belonging to another sign system, which is still mostly unknown: the mental language.

The mental processing of the read verbal material is of a syntactical nature when we try to reconstruct the possible structure of the sentence, i.e. the relations among its elements. In contrast, it is of a semantic nature when we identify the relevant areas within the semantic field of any single word or sentence; and it is of a pragmatic nature when we deal with the logical match of the possible meanings with the general context and the verbal co-text.

The difference between a reader and a critic is negligible: the reader trying to understand has the same attitude as the critic, who is a systematic, methodical, and self-aware reader. While reading, the individual reads, and perceives what he reads, drawing interpretations and inferences about the possible intentions of the author of the message.

Holmes (1988) suggested that the translation process is actually a multi-level process; while we are translating sentences, we have a map of the original text in our minds and, at the same time, a map of the kind of text we want to produce in the target language. Even as we translate serially, we have this structural concept so that each sentence in our translation is determined not only by the original sentence, but also by the two maps—of the original text and of the translated text—which we carry along as we translate.

 The translation process should, therefore, be considered a complex system in which understanding, processing, and projection of the translated text are interdependent portions of one structure. We can therefore put forward, as does Hnig (1991), the existence of a sort of “central processing unit” supervising the coordination of the different mental processes (those connected to reading, interpretation, and writing) and at the same time projecting a map of the text to be.

Novice translators as well as student translators are advised to master the following basic reading comprehension skills.

• Read for gist and main ideas.
• Read for details.
• Identify the meaning of new words and expressions using one or more components of the structural analysis clause; prefixes, suffixes, roots, word order, punctuation, sentence pattern, etc.
• Identify the meaning of new words and expressions using one ore more of the contextual analysis; synonyms, antonyms, examples, etc.
• Identify the writer’s style: literary, scientific, technical, informative, persuasive, argumentative, etc.
• Identify the language level used in the text: standard, slang, religious, etc.
• Identify cultural references in the choice of words in the text.    
   

Cultural Translation 

Culture and intercultural competence and awareness that rise out of experience of culture, are far more complex phenomena than it may seem to the translator. The more a translator is aware of complexities of differences between cultures, the better a translator s/he will be. It is probably right to say that there has never been a time when the community of translators was unaware of cultural differences and their significance for translation. Translation theorists have been cognizant of the problems attendant upon cultural knowledge and cultural differences at least since ancient Rome. Cultural knowledge and cultural differences have been a major focus of translator training and translation theory for as long as either has been in existence. The main concern has traditionally been with words and phrases that are so heavily and exclusively grounded in one culture that they are almost impossible to translate into the terms – verbal or otherwise – of another. Long debate have been held over when to paraphrase, when to use the nearest local equivalent, when to coin a new word by translating literally, and when to transcribe. All these “untranslatable” cultural-bound words and phrases continued to fascinate translators and translation theorists.

The first theory developed in this field was introduced by Mounin in 1963 who underlined the importance of the signification of a lexical item claiming that only if this notion is considered will the translated item fulfill its function correctly. The problem with this theory is that all the cultural elements do not involve just the items, what a translator should do in the case of cultural implications which are implied in the background knowledge of SL readers?

The notion of culture is essential to considering the implications for translation and, despite the differences in opinion as to whether language is part of culture or not, the two notions of culture and language appear to be inseparable. In 1964, Nida discussed the problems of correspondence in translation, conferred equal importance to both linguistic and cultural differences between the SL and the TL and concluded that differences between cultures may cause more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure. It is further explained that parallels in culture often provide a common understanding despite significant formal shifts in the translation. According to him cultural implications for translation are thus of significant importance as well as lexical concerns.

Nida’s definitions of formal and dynamic equivalence in 1964 consider cultural implications for translation. According to him, a “gloss translation” mostly typifies formal equivalence where form and content are reproduced as faithfully as possible and the TL reader is able to “understand as much as he can of the customs, manner of thought, and means of expression” of the SL context. Contrasting with this idea, dynamic equivalence “tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture” without insisting that he “understand the cultural patterns of the source-language context”. According to him problems may vary in scope depending on the cultural and linguistic gap between the two (or more) languages concerned.

It can be said that the first concept in cultural translation studies was cultural turn that in 1978 was presaged by the work on Polysystems and translation norms by Even-Zohar and in 1980 by Toury. They dismiss the linguistic kinds of theories of translation and refer to them as having moved from word to text as a unit but not beyond. They themselves go beyond language and focus on the interaction between translation and culture, on the way culture impacts and constraints translation and on the larger issues of context, history and convention. Therefore, the move from translation as a text to translation as culture and politics is what they call it a Cultural Turn in translation studies and became the ground for a metaphor adopted by Bassnett and Lefevere in 1990. In fact Cultural Turn is the metaphor adopted by Cultural Studies oriented translation theories to refer to the analysis of translation in its cultural, political, and ideological context.

Since 1990, the turn has extended to incorporate a whole range of approaches from cultural studies and is a true indicator of the interdisciplinary nature of contemporary translation studies. As the result of this so called Cultural Turn, cultural studies has taken an increasingly keen interest in translation. One consequence of this has been bringing together scholars from different disciplines. It is here important to mention that these cultural theorists have kept their own ideology and agendas that drive their own criticism. These cultural approaches have widened the horizons of translation studies with new insights but at the same there has been a strong element of conflict among them. It is good to mention that the existence of such differences of perspectives is inevitable.

In the mid 1980s Vermeer introduced skopos theory which is a Greek word for ‘aim’ or ‘purpose’. It is entered into translation theory in as a technical term for the purpose of translation and of action of translating. Skopos theory focuses above all on the purpose of translation, which determines the translation method and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. The result is TT, which Vermeer calls translatum. Therefore, knowing why SL is to be translated and what function of TT will be are crucial for the translator.

In 1984, Reiss and Vermeer in their book with the title of ‘Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation’ concentrated on the basic underlying ‘rules’ of this theory which involve: 1- A translatum (or TT) is determined by its skopos, 2- A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL considering an offer of information in a source culture and SL. This relates the ST and TT to their function in their respective linguistic and cultural context. The translator is once again the key player in the process of intercultural communication and production of the translatum because of the purpose of the translation.

In 1992, Coulthard highlightd the importance of defining the ideal reader for whom the author attributes knowledge of certain facts, memory of certain experiences … plus certain opinions, preferences and prejudices and a certain level of linguistic competence. When considering such aspects, the extent to which the author may be influenced by such notions which depend on his own sense of belonging to a specific socio-cultural group should not be forgotten.

Coulthard stated that once the ideal ST readership has been determined, considerations must be made concerning the TT. He said that the translator’s first and major difficulty is the construction of a new ideal reader who, even if he has the same academic, professional and intellectual level as the original reader, will have significantly different textual expectations and cultural knowledge.

In the case of the extract translated here, it is debatable whether the ideal TT reader has “significantly different textual expectations,” however his cultural knowledge will almost certainly vary considerably.

Applied to the criteria used to determine the ideal ST reader it may be noted that few conditions are successfully met by the potential ideal TT reader. Indeed, the historical and cultural facts are unlikely to be known in detail along with the specific cultural situations described. Furthermore, despite considering the level of linguistic competence to be roughly equal for the ST and TT reader, certain differences may possibly be noted in response to the use of culturally specific lexis which must be considered when translating. Although certain opinions, preferences and prejudices may be instinctively transposed by the TT reader who may liken them to his own experience, it must be remembered that these do not match the social situation experience of the ST reader. Therefore, Coulthard mainly stated that the core social and cultural aspects remain problematic when considering the cultural implications for translation.  

Equivalence in Translation 

1.1 Vinay and Darbelnet and their definition of equivalence in translation

Vinay and Darbelnet view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which ‘replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording’ .They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. According to them, equivalence is therefore the ideal method when the translator has to deal with proverbs, idioms, clichés, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopoeia of animal sounds.

With regard to equivalent expressions between language pairs, Vinay and Darbelnet claim that they are acceptable as long as they are listed in a bilingual dictionary as ‘full equivalents’. However, later they note that glossaries and collections of idiomatic expressions ‘can never be exhaustive’. They conclude by saying that ‘the need for creating equivalences arises from the situation, and it is in the situation of the SL text that translators have to look for a solution’. Indeed, they argue that even if the semantic equivalent of an expression in the SL text is quoted in a dictionary or a glossary, it is not enough, and it does not guarantee a successful translation. They provide a number of examples to prove their theory, and the following expression appears in their list: Take one is a fixed expression which would have as an equivalent French translation Prenez-en un. However, if the expression appeared as a notice next to a basket of free samples in a large store, the translator would have to look for an equivalent term in a similar situation and use the expression Échantillon gratuit .
1.2 Jakobson and the concept of equivalence in difference

Roman Jakobson’s study of equivalence gave new impetus to the theoretical analysis of translation since he introduced the notion of ‘equivalence in difference’. On the basis of his semiotic approach to language and his aphorism ‘there is no signatum without signum’ (1959:232), he suggests three kinds of translation:

• Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase)
   
• Interlingual (between two languages)
   
• Intersemiotic (between sign systems)

Jakobson claims that, in the case of interlingual translation, the translator makes use of synonyms in order to get the ST message across. This means that in interlingual translations there is no full equivalence between code units. According to his theory, ‘translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes’ (ibid.:233). Jakobson goes on to say that from a grammatical point of view languages may differ from one another to a greater or lesser degree, but this does not mean that a translation cannot be possible, in other words, that the translator may face the problem of not finding a translation equivalent. He acknowledges that ‘whenever there is deficiency, terminology may be qualified and amplified by loanwords or loan-translations, neologisms or semantic shifts, and finally, by circumlocutions’. Jakobson provides a number of examples by comparing English and Russian language structures and explains that in such cases where there is no a literal equivalent for a particular ST word or sentence, then it is up to the translator to choose the most suitable way to render it in the TT.

There seems to be some similarity between Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedures and Jakobson’s theory of translation. Both theories stress the fact that, whenever a linguistic approach is no longer suitable to carry out a translation, the translator can rely on other procedures such as loan-translations, neologisms and the like. Both theories recognize the limitations of a linguistic theory and argue that a translation can never be impossible since there are several methods that the translator can choose. The role of the translator as the person who decides how to carry out the translation is emphasized in both theories. Both Vinay and Darbelnet as well as Jakobson conceive the translation task as something which can always be carried out from one language to another, regardless of the cultural or grammatical differences between ST and TT.

It can be concluded that Jakobson’s theory is essentially based on his semiotic approach to translation according to which the translator has to recode the ST message first and then s/he has to transmit it into an equivalent message for the TC.

1.3 Nida and Taber: Formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence

Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence—which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence—and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence ‘focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content’, unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon ‘the principle of equivalent effect’ (1964:159). In the second edition (1982) or their work, the two theorists provide a more detailed explanation of each type of equivalence.

Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. They therefore suggest that these formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT since the translation will not be easily understood by the target audience (Fawcett, 1997). Nida and Taber themselves assert that ‘Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard’ .

Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience. They argue that ‘Frequently, the form of the original text is changed; but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the source language, of contextual consistency in the transfer, and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful’ (Nida and Taber, 1982:200).

One can easily see that Nida is in favour of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. This is perfectly understandable if we take into account the context of the situation in which Nida was dealing with the translation phenomenon, that is to say, his translation of the Bible. Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Despite using a linguistic approach to translation, Nida is much more interested in the message of the text or, in other words, in its semantic quality.  

1.4 Catford and the introduction of translation shifts

Catford’s approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida since Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday. His main contribution in the field of translation theory is the introduction of the concepts of types and shifts of translation. Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria:

1. The extent of translation (full translation vs partial translation);
    
2. The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation vs. unbounded translation);
    
3. The levels of language involved in translation (total translation vs. restricted translation).

We will refer only to the second type of translation, since this is the one that concerns the concept of equivalence, and we will then move on to analyze the notion of translation shifts, as elaborated by Catford, which are based on the distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence. In rank-bound translation an equivalent is sought in the TL for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST.  One of the problems with formal correspondence is that, despite being a useful tool to employ in comparative linguistics, it seems that it is not really relevant in terms of assessing translation equivalence between ST and TT. For this reason we now turn to Catford’s other dimension of correspondence, namely textual equivalence which occurs when any TL text or portion of text is ‘observed on a particular occasion … to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text’. He implements this by a process of commutation, whereby ‘a competent bilingual informant or translator’ is consulted on the translation of various sentences whose ST items are changed in order to observe ‘what changes if any occur in the TL text as a consequence’ .

As far as translation shifts are concerned, Catford defines them as ‘departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL’ (ibid.:73). Catford argues that there are two main types of translation shifts, namely level shifts, where the SL item at one linguistic level (e.g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e.g. lexis), and category shifts which are divided into four types:

1. Structure-shifts, which involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and that of the TT;
    
2. Class-shifts, when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i.e. a verb may be translated with a noun;
    
3. Unit-shifts, which involve changes in rank;
    
4. Intra-system shifts, which occur when ‘SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system’. For instance, when the SL singular becomes a TL plural.

Catford was very much criticized for his linguistic theory of translation. One of the most scathing criticisms came from Snell-Hornby (1988), who argued that Catford’s definition of textual equivalence is ‘circular’, his theory’s reliance on bilingual informants ‘hopelessly inadequate’, and his example sentences ‘isolated and even absurdly simplistic’ .She considers the concept of equivalence in translation as being an illusion. She asserts that the translation process cannot simply be reduced to a linguistic exercise, as claimed by Catford for instance, since there are also other factors, such as textual, cultural and situational aspects, which should be taken into consideration when translating. In other words, she does not believe that linguistics is the only discipline which enables people to carry out a translation, since translating involves different cultures and different situations at the same time and they do not always match from one language to another.

1.5 House and the elaboration of overt and covert translation

House (1977) is in favour of semantic and pragmatic equivalence and argues that ST and TT should match one another in function. House suggests that it is possible to characterize the function of a text by determining the situational dimensions of the ST.In fact, according to her theory, every text is in itself is placed within a particular situation which has to be correctly identified and taken into account by the translator. After the ST analysis, House is in a position to evaluate a translation; if the ST and the TT differ substantially on situational features, then they are not functionally equivalent, and the translation is not of a high quality. In fact, she acknowledges that ‘a translation text should not only match its source text in function, but employ equivalent situational-dimensional means to achieve that function’ .

Central to House’s discussion is the concept of overt and covert translations. In an overt translation the TT audience is not directly addressed and there is therefore no need at all to attempt to recreate a ’second original’ since an overt translation ‘must overtly be a translation’ .By covert translation, on the other hand, is meant the production of a text which is functionally equivalent to the ST. House also argues that in this type of translation the ST ‘is not specifically addressed to a TC audience’ .

House  sets out the types of ST that would probably yield translations of the two categories. An academic article, for instance, is unlikely to exhibit any features specific to the SC; the article has the same argumentative or expository force that it would if it had originated in the TL, and the fact that it is a translation at all need not be made known to the readers. A political speech in the SC, on the other hand, is addressed to a particular cultural or national group which the speaker sets out to move to action or otherwise influence, whereas the TT merely informs outsiders what the speaker is saying to his or her constituency. It is clear that in this latter case, which is an instance of overt translation, functional equivalence cannot be maintained, and it is therefore intended that the ST and the TT function differently.
House’s theory of equivalence in translation seems to be much more flexible than Catford’s. In fact, she gives authentic examples, uses complete texts and, more importantly, she relates linguistic features to the context of both source and target text.

1.6 Baker’s approach to translation equivalence

New adjectives have been assigned to the notion of equivalence (grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several others) and made their appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker (1992) who seems to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes between:

• Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom-up approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the ST s/he looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct ‘equivalent’ term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it should be remembered that a single word can sometimes be assigned different meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense.

• Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause problems in translation Baker focuses on number, tense and aspects, voice, person and gender.

• Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TC audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by three main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type.

• Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The role of the translator is to recreate the author’s intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TC reader to understand it clearly.

Postcolonialism and Multiculturalism 

 In 1993 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak was the one who introduced postcolonialism. Post-colonialism is one of the most thriving points of contact between Cultural Studies and Translation Studies. It can be defined as a broad cultural approach to the study of power relations between different groups, cultures or peoples in which language, literature and translation may play a role. Spivak’s work is indicative of how cultural studies and especially post-colonialism has over the past decade focused on issues of translation, the translational and colonization. The linking of colonization and translation is accompanied by the argument that translation has played an active role in the colonization process and in disseminating an ideologically motivated image of colonized people. The metaphor has been used of the colony as an imitative and inferior translational copy whose suppressed identity has been overwritten by the colonizer.

The postcolonial concepts may have conveyed a view of translation as just a damaging instrument of the colonizers who imposed their language and used translation to construct a distorted image of the suppressed people which served to reinforce the hierarchal structure of the colony. However, some critics of post-colonialism, like Robinson, believe that the view of the translation as purely harmful and pernicious tool of the empire is inaccurate.

Like the other cultural theorists, Venuti in 1995 insisted that the scope of translation studies needs to be broadened to take the account of the value-driven nature of sociocultural framework. He used the term invisibility to describe the translator situation and activity in Anglo-American culture. He said that this invisibility is produced by:

1- The way the translators themselves tend to translate fluently into English, to produce an idiomatic and readable TT, thus creating illusion of transparency.

2- The way the translated texts are typically read in the target culture:

“A translated text, whether prose or poetry or non-fiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writer’s personality or intention or the essential meaning the foreign text_ the appearance, in other words, that the translation is not in fact a translation, but the original.”

(Venuti, 1999)

Venuti discussed invisibility hand in hand with two types of translating strategies: domestication and foreignization. He considered domestication as dominating Anglo-American (TL) translation culture. Just as the postcolonialists were alert to the cultural effects of the differential in power relation between colony and ex-colony, so Venuti bemoaned the phenomenon of domestication since it involves reduction of the foreign text to the target language cultural values. This entails translating in a transparent, fluent, invisible style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT. Venuti believed that a translator should leave the reader in peace, as much as possible, and he should move the author toward him.

Foregnization, on the other hand, entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which excluded by dominant cultural values in target language. Ventuti considers the foreignizing method to be an ethno deviant pressure on target language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. According to him it is highly desirable in an effort to restrain the ethnocentric violence translation. The foreignizing method of translating, a strategy Venuti also termed ‘resistancy’ , is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the persistence of translator by highlighting the foreign identity of ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture.

In his later book ‘The Scandals of Translation’ Venuti insisted on foreignizing or, as he also called it, ‘minoritizing’ translatin, to cultivate a varied and heterogeneous discourse. As far as language is concerned, the minoritizing or foriegnizing method of Venuti’s translation comes through in the deliberate inclusion of foreignizing elements in a bid to make the translator visible and to make the reader realize that he is reading a translation of the work from a foreign culture. Foreignization is close adherent to the ST structure and syntax.

Venuti also said that the terms may change meaning across time and location.

In 1996, Simon mentioned that cultural studies brings to translation an understanding of the complexities of gender and culture and it allows us to situate linguistic transfer. She considered a language of sexism in translation studies, with its image of dominance, fidelity, faithfulness and betrayal. She mentioned the seventeenth century image of “les belles infidels” (unfaithful beauties), translations into French that were artistically beautiful but unfaithful. She went further and investigated George Steiner’s male-oriented image of translation as penetration.

The feminist theorists, more or less, see a parallel between the status of translation which is often considered to be derivative and inferior to the original writing and that of women so often repressed in society and literature. This is the core feminist translation that theory seeks to identify and critique the tangle of the concepts which relegate both women and translation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder. Simon takes this further in the concept of the committed translation project. Translation project here can be defined as such: An approach to literary translation in which feminist translators openly advocate and implement strategies (linguistic or otherwise) to foreground the feminist in the translated text. It may seem worthy to mention that the opposite of translation project occurs when gender-marked works are translated in such a way that their distinctive characteristics are affected.

With the spread of deconstruction and cultural studies in the academy, the subject of ideology became an important area of study. The field of translation studies presents no exception to this general trend. It should also be mentioned that the concept of ideology is not something new and it has been an area of interest from a long time ago. The problem of discussing translation and ideology is one of definition. There are so many definitions of ideology that it is impossible to review them all. For instance as Hatim and Mason (1997) stated that ideology encompasses the tacit assumptions, beliefs and value systems which are shared collectively by social groups. They make a distinction between the ideology of translating and the translation of ideology. Whereas the former refers to the basic orientation chosen by the translator operating within a social and cultural context. In translation of ideology they examined the extent of mediation supplied by a translator of sensitive texts. Here mediation is defined as the extent to which translators intervene in the transfer process, feeding their own knowledge and beliefs into processing the text.

In 1999 Hermans stated that Culture refers to all socially conditioned aspects of human life. According to him translation can and should be recognized as a social phenomenon, a cultural practice. He said that we bring to translation both cognitive and normative expectations, which are continually being negotiated, confirmed, adjusted, and modified by practicing translators and by all who deal with translation. These expectations result from the communication within the translation system, for instance, between actual translations and statements about translation, and between the translation system and other social systems.

In 2002, regarding cultural translation Hervey and Higgins believed in cultural translation rather than literal one. According to them accepting literal translation means that there’s no cultural translation operation. But obviously there are some obstacles bigger than linguistic ones. They are cultural obstacles and here a transposition in culture is needed.

According to Hervey & Higgins cultural transposition has a scale of degrees which are toward the choice of features indigenous to target language and culture rather than features which are rooted in source culture. The result here is foreign features reduced in target text and is to some extent naturalized. The scale here is from an extreme which is mostly based on source culture (exoticism) to the other extreme which is mostly based on target culture (cultural transplantation):

Exoticism

1) Exoticism
The degree of adaptation is very low here. The translation carries the cultural features and grammar of SL to TL. It is very close to transference.

2) Calque
Calque includes TL words but in SL structure therefore while it is unidiomatic to target reader but it is familiar to a large extent.

3) Cultural Borrowing
It is to transfer the ST expression verbatim into the TT. No adaptation of SL expression into TL forms. After a time they usually become a standard in TL terms. Cultural borrowing is very frequent in history, legal, social, political texts; for example, “La langue” and “La parole” in linguistics.

4) Communicative Translation
Communicative translation is usually adopted for culture specific clichés such as idioms, proverbs, fixed expression, etc. In such cases the translator substitutes SL word with an existing concept in target culture. In cultural substitution the propositional meaning is not the same but it has similar impact on target reader. The literal translation here may sound comic. The degree of using this strategy some times depends on the license which is given to the translator by commissioners and also the purpose of translation.

5) Cultural Transplantation
The whole text is rewritten in target culture. The TL word is not a literal equivalent but has similar cultural connotations to some extent. It is another type of extreme but toward target culture and the whole concept is transplanted in TL. A normal translation should avoid both exoticism and cultural transplantation.

In 2004, Nico Wiersema in his essay “globalization and translation” stated that globalization is linked to English being a lingua franca; the language is said to be used at conferences (interpreting) and seen as the main language in the new technologies. The use of English as a global language is an important trend in world communication. Globalisation is also linked to the field of Translation Studies. Furthermore, globalisation is placed in the context of changes in economics, science, technology, and society. Globalization and technology are very helpful to translators in that translators have more access to online information, such as dictionaries of lesser-known languages. According to him such comments can be extended to the readers of translations. Should the target text be challenging for a reader, the internet can help him understand foreign elements in the text. Thus the text can be written in a more foreignising / exoticising manner. He mentioned a relatively new trend wherein culturally bound elements (some, one might say, untranslatable), are not translated. He believed that this trend contributes to learning and understanding foreign cultures. Context explains culture, and adopting (not necessarily adapting) a selection of words enriches the target text, makes it more exotic and thus more interesting for those who want to learn more about the culture in question. Eventually, these new words may find their way into target language dictionaries. Translators will then have contributed to enriching their own languages with loan words from the source language (esp. English).

He considered these entering loan words into TL as an important aspect of translation. Translation brings cultures closer. He stated that at this century the process of globalization is moving faster than ever before and there is no indication that it will stall any time soon. In each translation there will be a certain distortion between cultures. The translator will have to defend the choices he/she makes, but there is currently an option for including more foreign words in target texts. Therefore, it is now possible to keep SL cultural elements in target texts. In each translation there will be a certain distortion between cultures. The translator will have to defend the choices he/she makes, but there is currently an option for including more foreign words in target texts.

The relationship between multiculturalism and postcolonialism appears to be an uneasy one. Multiculturalism deals with theories of difference but unlike postcolonialism, which is to a great extent is perceived to be defined by its specific historic legacies in a retroactive way, multiculturalism deals with the management (often compromised) of contemporary geo-political diversity in former imperial centres as well as their ex-colonies alike. It is also increasingly a global discourse since it takes into account the flow of migrants, refugees, Diasporas and their relations with nation-states. The reason for continuing to focus on multiculturalism, particularly a critical multiculturalism, is precisely because it is so intimately bound up in many parts of the world with those practices and discourses which manage (often in the sense of police and control) ‘diversity’. Within critical theory it has often been an embarrassing term to invoke partly because it is seen as automatically aligned with and hopelessly co-opted by the state in its role of certain kinds of conscious nation – building. As a result, for example, it is consistently rejected by anti-racist groups in Great Britain (Hall, 1995). In the realm of theoretical debate it is often associated with an identity politics based on essentialism and claims for authenticity which automatically reinstates a version of the sovereign subject and a concern with reified notions of origins. Thus it becomes impossible; it seems, to mention multiculturalism and socially progressive critical theory in the same breath. But for all those reasons, because it is a contested term, is exactly why it is crucial to continue to scrutinize the discourses and practices mobilized in the name of multiculturalism.  

Multiculturalism purports to deal with minorities and thus implies a relation with a majority, but how these two categories are defined and wielded in relation to each other is highly contested and further complicated by differences in articulation between advanced capitalist countries and the so-called Third World; between ’settler societies’ and, for example, the European community. In general, the organizing factor for the minorities are such terms as ‘race’, ‘ethnicity’, and ‘indigeneity’ while their origins are causally linked to migration, to colonization and other kinds of subjugation. With respect to ‘race’ it would be more accurate to refer to the processes of radicalization involved in representing minorities than to the existence of unproblematic racial categories. ‘Ethnicity’ as a defining category was initially employed as a differential term to avoid ‘race’ and its implications of a discredited ’scientific’ racism. Ethnicity was more easily attached to the European migrations which proliferated around the two world wars. In North America, phrases such as ‘visible minorities’ were developed to categorize non-European immigrants who formed part of mass diasporas and neatly encapsulated as well the indigenous groups and those descendants of African slaves who had been an uneasily acknowledged part of the ‘nation’ for many centuries. Hence multi-culturalism is often perceived as a covert means of indicating racialized differences. The need to deconstruct the ‘natural’ facade of racialization is clear when one notes that groups such as Ukrainians in Canada and Greeks and Italians in Australia were designated ‘black’ at various historical stages (Gunew, 1994). Further difficulties encountered by indigenous groups are highlighted in Australia where the Aborigines refuse to be included in multicultural discourses on the grounds that these refer only to cultures of migration, whereas in New Zealand ‘biculturalism’ is the preferred official term because multiculturalism is seen as a diversion from the Maori sovereignty movement. In Canada First Nations are occasionally included in multicultural discourses and practices and are also consistently trapped between the French-English divide. This has complicated continuing debates on cultural appropriation (Crosby, 1994).

1. Discussions must also distinguish between state multiculturalism, dealing with the management of diversity, and critical multiculturalism used by minorities as a lever to argue for participation, grounded in their difference, in the public sphere. Minorities use a variety of strategies to overcome the assimilationist presumptions of most state multiculturalism. Crucial to both areas is the notion of ‘community’ and here women are particularly affected.   

According to Nico Wiersema (2004), Cultures are getting closer and closer and this is something that he believed translators need to take into account. In the end it all depends on what the translator, or more often, the publisher wants to achieve with a certain translation. In his opinion by entering SL cultural elements:

a- The text will be read more fluently (no stops)
b- The text remains more exotic, more foreign
c- The translator is closer to the source culture
d- The reader of the target texts gets a more genuine image of the source culture.

In 2004, ke Ping regarding translation and culture paid attention to misreading and presupposition. He mentioned that of the many factors that may lead to misreading in translation are cultural presuppositions.

Cultural presuppositions merit special attention from translators because they can substantially and systematically affect their interpretation of facts and events in the source text without their even knowing it. He pinpointed the relationship between cultural presuppositions and translational misreading. According to him misreading in translation are often caused by a translator’s presuppositions about the reality of the source language community. These presuppositions are usually culturally-derived and deserve the special attention of the translator. He showed how cultural presuppositions work to produce misreading in translation.

According to ke Ping “Cultural presupposition,” refers to underlying assumptions, beliefs, and ideas that are culturally rooted, widespread.

· According to him anthropologists agree on the following features of culture:

(1) Culture is socially acquired instead of biologically transmitted;
(2) Culture is shared among the members of a community rather than being unique to an individual;
(3) Culture is symbolic. Symbolizing means assigning to entities and events meanings which are external to them and which cannot be grasped alone. Language is the most typical symbolic system within culture;
(4) Culture is integrated. Each aspect of culture is tied in with all

About the Author

MA in TRANSLATION, Great Translation Theoretician,Mazandaran province, Ghaemshar city,IRAN

1. The reflex that makes our facial expressions of emotions occur automatically when triggered is called the?

a.facial-affect program
b.display rules
c.James-Lange theory
d.facial-feedback hypothesis
2.During The early Middle Ages, many Christian hermits lived in solitude, shunning social contacts so that they could introspect and reflect on spiritual thoughts. Those reclusive religious hermits were apparently
a.high in need for esteem
b.high is need for achievement
c.low in need for affiliation
d.low in need for influence
3.According to the results of a study that compared gender stereotypes across nations, gender stereotypes
a.were fairly similar across cultures
b.favored women over men in Eastern cultures
c.favored women over men in most of the nations studied
d.existed only in industrialized nations

1. d; Facial-feedback hypothesis
2. d; low in need for influence
3. a; fairly similar across cultures
4. a; power

Not a 100% on all of them. You should double check, but I think those are close to right ; )

Challenge Golf: Step By Step Instruction for Physically Handicapped Golfers and Teachers (Vhs) …

Stand & Deliver $3.33 Studio: Warner Home Video Release Date: 06/08/2010 Run time: 103 minutes Rating: Pg…

Rick Lavoie: Motivation Breakthrough $26.01 Studio: Pbs Release Date: 05/06/2009 Run time: 90 minutes…

Beyond the Gridiron: The Life and Times of Woody Hayes $10.35 The Life & Times of Woody Hayes chronicles Hayes’ rise from high school coach in a small Ohio town to college football dominance as the head coach of the Ohio State University Buckeyes. His teams won 5 National Titles and 4 Rose Bowls. Woody Hayes was twice elected Coach of the Year. This first ever public television documentary on Woody Hayes also looks at the times that shaped the man, from W…

INCENTIVE PACKS FISH & TURTLES $10.99 INCENTIVE PACKS FISH & TURTLES…

Motivational video for Teachers

Research Studies Prove That Video Games Do Have An Influence On Gamers

There have been several research studies done in the past to determine if video games are affecting the children that are playing them, but none of these studies have been proven what they initially set out to prove until now.

For the past nine years the National Institute of Media and Family have been conducting research studies to find out how video games are influencing the children that are playing them. The results of these research studies have been extremely shocking, but it these results have been well documented as well. Parents and adults alike need to be well aware of the results of these research findings so that they can make their very own conclusion.

Through all the research studies that have been completed it is no wonder that parents are getting mixed feelings about how video games are affecting their children. These video games have an industry rating that are suppose to warn parents about the content included within them, but do these ratings tell parents everything that they really need to know about these video games. All the video game industry is telling parents is to pay close attention to the ratings, but they deny any type of harmful effects the video games themselves may have on children.

Brain research studies have shown that violent video games can actually activate the anger center within a child’s brain, which can affect the behavior of the child. These research studies have even shown that while the child is playing video games their brain can grow in spurts that will actually affect the impact of wiring of the child’s brain. This wiring affects the child’s self-control, relationships, and responsibilities that may affect them way up into their adulthood.

This does not mean that every single child that plays a violent video game will have aggressive behavior, but it does mean that these games can affect their behavior. The results of these research studies show that video games can teach children skills, but they also show that these video games will affect the behavior as well. It can be said that video games are simply natural teachers simply because they are so powerful due to the fact that children are finding them stimulating and motivating. Video games offer children the repeated practice at necessary problem solving skills and they provide the children with rewards for the achievement in these successful skills.

Violence in video games is considered to be when the characters within the video game are intentionally harm other characters. The results of these research studies have shown that playing violent video games can lead to increased physiological arousal, increased aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and a decrease in social helping behaviors. These research studies also proved that there was a direct relationship between long-term game play and aggressive behavior toward the real world, and that these aggressive behaviors are being demonstrated by children subtly.

Parents have an even more important role to play with their children that are playing these violent video games by limited the amount of time their children are allowed to play. Parents also need to pay closer attention to the industry ratings that are given on video games so ensure they understand the content within these video games. Parents need to realize that when children play violent video games for hours every day, then their child pay start showing a decrease in school performance as well as the feared increase in aggressive behavior.

About the Author

These are the most efficient classes in my opinion. It all depends on your game-play so this can differ from person to person.Modern Warfare and you can always search the site for more useful information about this game.

What are some good career paths for someone good at computers and art?

I have a younger brother who lacks the motivation to get back into college; mostly because he isn’t sure what to do. He is super smart (4.0 GPA in High School) and is a really fast learner. He is really good at:

Graphic design pretty much sums it up.

But if he is REALLY good at graphic design, as well as computer science, he can get into video game design. Considering all the things hes good at, it sounds like there is a lot he can venture into.

The problem is with motivation. He shouldn’t just quit college because he doesn’t know what to do, its not a good enough answer. I went into college not knowing fully what i was going to do. I picked out Electrical Engineering, because i was good at math and computers. Only until the last quarter of school, i figured out that I wanted to follow through with a career path matching my degree. Im finding out what I want to do, and im looking forward to going back to school to learn a few more trades. Dont let uncertainty bring your brother down, he should embrace it, then use it to figure out what he wants to do later. He has his whole life to figure out what he wants to do, but doing nothing will not amount to anything.

Journey on the Hard Side of Miracles: The True Story of Big Bad Green $8.40 In the 1970’s a band of Jesus People began an unintended journey that would rock their world. This improbable story, set against the wisdom of scripture, turns on a series of events far beyond human understanding or control. Journey on the Hard Side of Miracles is a record of the supernatural. A surprising story of roaming buses, quiet street ministry, and think again miracles recorded just t…

The Daily Motivation – GIVE A STRANGER A SMILE

Short quotes inspire us for action. Life without motivation is like we are sitting in a dark room. People often work like a robot and do not dare to dream big. God has given us life to do extraordinary tasks. We all have qualities and capabilities to achieve anything. The only thing which required is motivation.

So here’s are some of my favorite short quotes to let you feel the magic of motivation i life-

“For every dark night there is a brighter day.” -Tupac Shakur

This short quote describes how we should take our life. Good time and bad time keeps on coming and going. There is always bright day after dark night. So you should be optimistic and think the positive side. After your hard work, success is bound to come. So never give-up and keep on putting your best.

“All that we are is the result of what we have thought.” -Budha

Whatever we are is the result of our thought. All the achievement and success is the result of our attitude and our power of thinking. All the miracles take place in mind, so think high and work hard. Do not take rest until you achieve your goals.

“Our truest life is when we are in dreams awake.” -Henry David Thoreau

Dreams give us a vision to work on. A person without dreams is as good as animal. So the best in life comes when you watch big dreams with open eyes. Dreams keep us inspired. All the big achievers of world are big dreamer. They dream and work hard to convert them into reality.

“Impossible is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools.” -Unknown

Nothing is impossible. Every task needs passion, positive energy and will power. Long time ago, nobody could have thought of airplane, but today it is truth. We can fly in air. So impossible is nothing. We have reached to moon. We all have all the powers of doing anything we wish for. We just need to wake up and motivate ourselves to realize our hidden qualities.

“Our greatest glory is not in never falling but in rising every time you fall.” -Anonymous

Failure and success is the part of life. Many people give up after facing failure. They should not do it. You must get up and try again with your double level of energy, because you have gained more experience. Never forget that the failures are the pillar of success.

So do your best to achieve the best with motivational short quotes. Life is great teacher. Learn from it and be a real winner.

Read more inspiring lessons at Short Quotes and Confidence Quotes.

where can i find a website that i can get free daily motivational emails for teens?

i want to subscribe get free daily inspiring and motivating emails for teens…like quotes, stories, poems, pics, etc.?

I admire your motives, but this site is full of insolent insubordinate teens begging for proxies to access MySpace while in school on school computers and who have no respect for the authority of their school or of their parents. I cannot imagine youngsters like these even reading the type of e-mail you describe

What It Takes To Be No. 1 Art Print Poster By Vince Lombardi, 12 x 36 Shop for What It Takes To Be No. 1 Poster Print by Vince Lombardi Motivational Art Prints. Over 400k posters, art prints, artwork, lithographs, and photographs online. Custom framing is available. Framing your favorite art print has never been easier. PosterExpo introduces a friendly and exciting way to view your customized framed art. All mouldings are high-quality, elegant choices at affordable …

Tron Guy Interview at ROFLCon (Respectably French!)

social story of children with autism along with printable pictures?

i need a social story of children with a autism spectrum disorders . which should be motivational to the parents with autistic children . am a speech therapist

this is a broad subject…there are books in the stores..

i usually write my own–especially when it is my job responsibility…

are you talking about a story about autism?

thats not really a social story

a social story is how a person should act in a specific situation

do you mean a success story?

there are a lot of adult books—there was one with a bunch of stories about different people with pics–don’t remember teh name–saw it an barnes and nobles

The Color Code: A New Way to See Yourself, Your Relationships, and Life $8.39 If you’re familiar with the Hippocratic or medieval model for typing personalities (choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic, and sanguine), then Taylor Hartman’s The Color Code will be a short refresher course for you. This “original” personality paradigm divides us into (surprise!) four colors– red, blue, white, and yellow–that define the characteristics of our fundamental natures. Reds are t…

GF Video Productions

Recession tested: Staffing firm chief learns lessons, and rolls with a few recessions

Recession tested: Staffing firm chief learns lessons, and rolls with a few recessions

May 8 , 2009-

Recessions don’t scare Kip Hollister.

Indeed, the CEO of Boston Recruiting Agency Hollister Inc. learned the most about how best to run her company during stressful economic stretches in the early 1990s and the dot-com bust. “Tough times make me even more passionate,” Hollister says.

After Sept. 11, Hollister learned her most challenging lesson to date: Never grow simply for growth’s sake. During the late 1990s Hollister expanded her firm into five offices as it became heavily entrenched in the booming business of staffing up dot-coms.

When the bubble burst, Hollister, 46, learned the hard way that multiple offices were not a good fit for her firm, so she closed them and took out a home equity loan to fund her business. “I looked every employee in the eye, and said, ‘We’re in this together.’ ”

Hollister saw revenue grow to $23 million in 2008, up from $21 million in 2007. The 60-person firm handles direct hire, contract and temp-to-hire posts across a few main sectors including accounting and financing, technology, human resources, and administration.

This year, however, revenue at the company is expected to drop about 25 percent. Also this year, 15 employees were cut, mainly through performance-based reductions.

Hollister first embarked on her staffing-firm career after graduation from Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania with a degree in sociology in 1984. She launched her business four years later.

Hollister was drawn to the staffing industry for a variety of reasons, many of which relate back to sociology.

“It’s a job of counseling and listening and networking and building relationships,” Hollister says. “It’s all about people. That’s the core of who I am.”

Hollister cobbled together financing for the business with personal savings and a small bank loan. Paying the salaries of her first three staffers was motivation enough to start winning business.

Her company was profitable in its first year and early on she crafted her business philosophy based on the core values of transparency, honesty and working with the client to reach a common goal, she said.

“Open communication and honesty and integrity — that to me is the core of any good relationship,” Hollister says. “The bottom line is that we’re a sales organization, so what typically can happen is that it can be more about you than your client. That is what I have no interest in being a part of.”

Hollister’s first big challenge came in 1990, when her advisers warned her of the impending downturn, but she plowed on and decided to triple her office space.

“I had to allay my employees’ fears,” says Hollister. “I was very humbled (by the experience).”

Leading up to the dot-com bust, Hollister capitalized on the Internet boom by opening up four new offices in quick succession. Revenue went to $21 million in 2000 from $3 million in 1994, and Hollister employed more than 100 people. A lavish company trip capped off the extravagant era.

When the tech market crashed, Hollister held layoffs, closed the extra offices, took out a personal loan and hunkered down for a two-year recovery.

In addition to learning an important lesson about growth, Hollister also realized that she had to groom strong leaders within her company so that the company wasn’t so reliant on her.

“It’s been a fascinating transformation. I do feel that now my firm has a signature behavior based on values,” she says. “It’s not just Kip-centric. I’m the one who seeks advice, I love getting help. I know that I don’t know everything.”

Clients of Hollister are quick to make note of the values she often mentions.

“She collaborates and she partners with you — it’s not just about getting the deal or closing the sale,” says Donna Sinnery, co-managing director of Globally Hip in New York, who has known Hollister for 10 years and worked with the firm when she handled recruitment at Fidelity and State Street.

Meanwhile, Hollister again finds herself guiding her firm through a recession.

“Anyone can lead when times are going great,” Hollister says. “How you lead during turmoil is key to building yourself a living legacy, because it’s not easy.”

For more info:

http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2009/05/11/smallb1.html?t=printable

About Hollister:

Founded in 1988, Hollister is a leading full-service Boston Staffing Agency passionate about connecting Massachusetts’ opportunities with talent. Based in the Greater Boston region, the Career Consultants at Hollister are well positioned to see the Massachusetts job market from two perspectives. Hollister’s clientele includes Massachusetts companies and active and passive jobseekers. For 20 years, Hollister has been the bridge that connects professionals with jobs in Massachusetts and companies with the best employees.

About the Author

The Communicators: Leadership in the Age of Crisis $29.94 The Communicators: Leadership in the Age of Crisis redefines the professional strategies and personal qualities that this current age of incessant crisis demands of leaders in corporate C-suites, boardrooms, courtrooms, and in the corridors of political power. Drawing on dozens of extensive interviews with prominent leaders who describe and reflect on their most significant experiences, Richard Le…

The Girls’ Book of Wisdom: Empowering, Inspirational Quotes from over 400 Fabulous Females $13.91 Summary:Aimed at advising and amusing girls age 12 and up, this collection includes quotations from 500 famous women, including suffragists, pioneers, politicians, moms, musicians, athletes, and actors. The quotes are grouped by categories, such as friendship, confidence, and creativity.About the Author:•0Author: Catherine DeeIllustrator: Lou M. PollackPublisher:Little, Brown Books …

No Excuses: The True Story of a Congenital Amputee Who Became a Champion in Wrestling and in Life $4.92 Excuses are often what holds us back from reaching our dreams and goals that we desire. Kyle Maynard’s book, “No Excuses”, is truly a testimony of strength and courage….

Al Pacino’s Inspirational Speech

Life is amazing, isn’t it? Whatever stage you’re at – teenager or retiree, in work or out of work, single or married, parent or grand-parent – life is sure to throw you the odd curve-ball or two, to test you out a little.

And when life turns sour (or sweet!) then it’s always great to be able to turn to a favorite inspirational quotation. Don’t you think?

Well I do, anyway, and that’s one of the reasons I’ve accumulated these favorite quotes, below – for a rainy day, so to speak, or to find that extra bit of self-belief that will help me ‘get the job done’.

So, in no particular order, here are my favorite inspirational quotes, with reasons why. And I hope they inspire you as much as they inspire me…



“Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great make you feel that you, too, can become great.”

– Mark Twain

Ah, Mr Twain how wise you are! It is good, even great, to be among people who actively encourage you, and recognise your talents, for sure. So much better than to be around people who simply do not believe!

Sure, it’s fine to be challenged every now and then – so do not surround yourself by yes-people – but it is very hard to grow and nurture your true talents if you are being constantly belittled and ridiculed.

Listen to Mark, I say – he knows a thing or two!

Now onto love…

“Don’t cry because it’s over, smile because it happened.”

– Dr Seuss!

Hmm, there speaks a man who has known both the joy and the pain of love. Whilst I believe in the truth of this inspirational quotation 100%, I also fully understand how difficult it can be to smile when you want to cry.

Still, that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t try, does it?

And you must always remember that famous ice-hockey player with his even more famous inspirational sports quotation…

“100% of the shots you don’t take don’t go in.”

– Wayne Gretzky

Yep, if you didn’t ‘go for it’ in the first place, then you wouldn’t be feeling sorry for yourself now. Life is for living, and you quite simply have to commit to one adventure or another or you’ll end up living a life where you just don’t take any ’shots’.

And that don’t sound like a fun life. Do it?

“Life is not about waiting for the storm to pass. It’s about learning to dance in the rain.”

– Vivienne Greene.

Hmm, if ever a quotation was to sum up the benefits of having a positive attitude, it is this one. Yes, bad things happen – they happen to us all – but we can wallow and wail or we can learn to dance in the rain.

Not easy, I agree. But that’s why Vivienne’s words are so inspirational – they encourage the best out of us.

“Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.”

– William James

Short and sweet from William. This is a favorite as I believe it contains an important message to all 6 billion plus of us out there: we make a difference!

And once we believe William, it’s not that much of a stretch for us to listen to the Buddha’s words, and for it to inspire a little deserved self-love…

“You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.”

– Buddha

Indeed you do.

But then life is not just about you. There are other people to consider too. That’s why Leo’s inspiring words get included here…

“Don’t spend your precious time asking ‘Why isn’t the world a better place?’ It will only be time wasted. The question to ask is ‘How can I make it better?’ To that there is an answer.”

– Leo F. Buscaglia

Imagine if we all lived our lives according to Leo’s words. Can you? Wow, the world would be a little more love-filled than it is today, don’t you think?

And the words of Mary Kay Ash would be quite transformational too, if practiced by everyone in the world, I’m sure…

“Pretend that every single person you meet has a sign around his or her neck that says. ‘Make me feel important.’ Not only will you succeed in sales, you will succeed in life.”

– Mary Kay Ash

Mary, can I just say how bloomin’ marvellous these words of yours are!

I guess it all boils down to these little beauts, at the end of the day, though, the following powerful quotations:

“Be the change you want to see in the world”

– Mahatma Gandhi

and

“Whether you think you can or whether you think you can’t, you’re right.”

– Henry Ford

Hmm, can you really argue with Gandhi or Ford? Even on a bad day – can you?

Still, after all is said and done, I think there is something to be said for the more modest words of Elbert Hubbard. Elbert simply said…

“Don’t take life too seriously, you’ll never get out of it alive.”

– Elbert Hubbard

And I think he had a point.

Okay, these are my favorite inspirational quotations – are they yours? – but I’ve still to reveal my #1 favorite inspirational quote. And I’m more than happy to tell you what is, I am, but I can’t. It’s because of something Walt Disney said, see. And he said…

“Always leave them wanting more”

And who am I to argue with the legendary Walt?

Hope you enjoyed these favorite inspirational quotes. And I’d love to know what your favorite quotations are too…

Steve M Nash has a favourite inspirational quotation and you can see what it is here! http://www.selfhelpcollective.com/stevequote
And if you’d like to share your own favorite inspirational quotation with the world – what words inspire you the most, and why – then you can! Simply visit this page today, and share- http://www.selfhelpcollective.com/inspirational-quotations.html

Journey on the Hard Side of Miracles: The True Story of Big Bad Green $8.40 In the 1970’s a band of Jesus People began an unintended journey that would rock their world. This improbable story, set against the wisdom of scripture, turns on a series of events far beyond human understanding or control. Journey on the Hard Side of Miracles is a record of the supernatural. A surprising story of roaming buses, quiet street ministry, and think again miracles recorded just t…

Inspirational Quotes

5 Steps to a Booming Personal Training Facebook Fan Page or Group

If you are reading this then you are probably a personal trainer using Facebook and there is a good chance you already have a group or fan page for your business.

If you don’t yet then you should (I will explain why below) and if you do are you using it to its full potential to communicate with your clients to maximize retention and is it growing rapidly in numbers acting like a lead generating machine?

Did you know the average PT has only 100 or less people in their group yet there are PTs out there with 1000s? So what is their secret how did they grow their group to such large numbers and how do they make it look so easy?

To learn the secrets and discover the answers keep reading below…

I was speaking to a fellow Personal Trainer last week who has 1500 people in his group and I was very curious as to his secret so I simply asked him and this was his response. He said the number one key for having a successful group Jason is simple and I can explain it in 5 parts, but before I do there is one thing that you must know and understand first. I said yes go on please, please… He said the number one key to having a successful group is to use ALL of the features to their full potential with content rich information.

I asked him to explain and this is what he said:

Step 1:

Use video.
This is my favourite he said because this has more dimensions than any other feature. I said what do you mean? He continued well there are many things you can use video for; the most powerful are the following:

Testimonials: every few weeks I take a 60 second video on my digital camera of one of my clients commented on the benefits of my training the results they achieve and why they would recommend it and post it on my group for the world to see.

Profile: On my group I have a 60 second video profile of my services, benefits, credentials and what I have to offer, I like to update this every month or two, you know to get my new hair cut

Action Vids: Short videos of me personally training clients and taking groups, I believe this is very powerful if you do this regularly perhaps 2-5 x each week I simply have one of my client’s record then swap.

Exercise technique: For all of my clients I like to have an exercise of the week in which I record and post on my group or even a nutritional tip.

Weekly update: Lastly I like to have a weekly update just 2 or 3 minutes of congratulating client’s what’s happening in my business upcoming events etc…

I thought to myself wow these are great strategies and would really add great value to the page. By now some of you may be thinking well yes I already have heard of most these things but do you do them??

Step 2:

Photos.
These are really powerful because when you tag someone all their FB friends see the picture and become interested in what you and your group have to offer.

Group photos: when you have large numbers in your group training sessions take a pic and tag everyone if there are 20 people and they each have 200 friends that means 4000 people potentially can see that picture.

Achievement pics: When a client achieves a great goal, have a photo with them and post it on your group.

Before and after pics: These as you know acts as social proof of how great a trainer you are.

Events: be sure to get many fun photos also to show that you are not just all work but play as well.

Step 3:
Status updates, discussions and links.

Status Updates: By maintaining communication with existing clients, past clients and prospects you will stay fresh in their mind. He said Jason this is probably the most important aspect for consistency I post daily comments including: motivational quotes, exercise tips, nutrition tips, congratulations to clients on achievements and finish this sentence to maximize involvement and ask question to make it like a community so my clients can communicate with each other, so you see he said it’s like a society with social aspects as well.

Discussion board: Although it seems a lot of people don’t respond to these people still read them and it adds value and content to your page I use written testimonials from clients, articles I write and success stories on a regular basis to complete this part.

Links: occasionally I will to fill up the page add related websites about exercise, health and nutrition as an extra resource for members.

Step 4:
Events.

Events a great way to reward your clients for their hard work and also to have them interact with each other, this is amazing for retention plus when everyone can bring a friend you have just gained numerous referrals.

I like to have regular social events and post them on my group, it might be fun Sunday session or BBQ at the beach or it might be active like rock climbing or bowling either way by having an event each month really allows me to grow my business and group fast.

Step 5:
Referrals.

Using the above 4 strategies and a referral system has really been my secret to achieving such a successful business and group he said to me, so I asked him how does he usually gain referrals?

Well Jason once you have a content rich site, even if you only have 10 members start on the 1st four strategies immediately and watch it grow.

But to really sky rocket the numbers this is what I do.

I ask all my clients in sessions to join my group or invite by email then ask them to invite all their Facebook friends and when they do I will give them 2 free PT sessions valued at $100, I said what a great idea.

He said then the key is when you are online catching them on Facebook and ask them there and then whilst they are online to invite their friends and you can direct them to do so.

After he shared all these wonderful ideas with me I could now understand why he had over 1500 members and 4 PTs working for him.
He said one last thing to me… He said Jason these techniques are very simple and are only effective when you use them. There is a difference between knowing and doing, most people know these strategies but don’t do them. The person who does these strategies will be the successful PT the ones who really want to be successful will do this and be successful.

So there you have it 5 amazing steps full of wisdom by an already very successful PT and the strategies he used to build a successful group and business.

If you would like any more info or for your 2 free 30 minute consultations to generate more leads, build you Facebook group and grow your PT business simply contact me on 0417984594 or email livefreehealth@hotmail.com now.

http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=153668853824&topic=11523#/group.php?gid=153668853824

About the Author